危廢庫(kù)（Hazardous Waste Storage Facility）是指專門用于存放、處理和管理危險(xiǎn)廢物的設(shè)施。危險(xiǎn)廢物是指具有爆炸、易燃、劇毒、腐蝕、致癌、致突變等特性，對(duì)人體和環(huán)境具有潛在危害的廢物。為了確保危險(xiǎn)廢物的安全處理和集中管理，危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)必須符合相關(guān)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范。本文將主要介紹危廢庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求。

　　A hazardous waste storage facility refers to a facility specifically designed for storing, processing, and managing hazardous waste. Hazardous waste refers to waste that has explosive, flammable, highly toxic, corrosive, carcinogenic, mutagenic and other characteristics, and has potential hazards to human health and the environment. In order to ensure the safe handling and centralized management of hazardous waste, the design of hazardous waste storage facilities must comply with relevant standards and regulations. This article will mainly introduce the standards and requirements for the design of hazardous waste storage facilities.

　　一、危廢庫(kù)的基本原則

　　1、 Basic principles of hazardous waste storage

　　1. 安全性原則：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)必須滿足安全性要求，確保危險(xiǎn)廢物在存儲(chǔ)和處理過程中不會(huì)對(duì)人員和環(huán)境造成危害。

　　1. Safety principle: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities must meet safety requirements to ensure that hazardous waste does not pose a threat to personnel and the environment during storage and disposal.

　　2. 排放控制原則：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)考慮廢氣、廢水和固體廢物的排放控制，避免對(duì)環(huán)境造成污染。

　　2. Emission control principle: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should consider the emission control of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid waste to avoid environmental pollution.

　　3. 資源利用原則：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)考慮對(duì)危險(xiǎn)廢物的回收和再利用，

　　3. Resource utilization principle: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should consider the recycling and reuse of hazardous waste,

　　最大限度地減少?gòu)U物對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)荷。

　　Minimize the environmental impact of waste to the greatest extent possible.

　　4. 經(jīng)濟(jì)合理原則：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)在滿足安全和環(huán)保要求的前提下，盡量降低成本，提高資源利用效率。

　　4. Principle of economic rationality: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should minimize costs and improve resource utilization efficiency while meeting safety and environmental requirements.

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　　二、危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)要求

　　2、 Design requirements for hazardous waste storage facilities

　　1. 地理位置選擇：危廢庫(kù)的選址應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離居民區(qū)、水源保護(hù)區(qū)等敏感區(qū)域，應(yīng)考慮交通便利、通風(fēng)良好和廢物運(yùn)輸?shù)谋憬菪?，暫存點(diǎn)應(yīng)具有固定的區(qū)域邊界，并應(yīng)采取與其他區(qū)域進(jìn)行隔離的措施。

　　1. Geographical location selection: The location of hazardous waste storage facilities should be far away from sensitive areas such as residential areas and water source protection areas. Convenient transportation, good ventilation, and waste transportation should be considered. The temporary storage points should have fixed regional boundaries and measures should be taken to isolate them from other areas.

　　2. 建筑布局和結(jié)構(gòu)：危廢庫(kù)的建筑布局應(yīng)合理，各功能區(qū)域應(yīng)劃分明確，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)滿足強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性的要求，暫存點(diǎn)應(yīng)采取防風(fēng)、防雨、防曬和防止危險(xiǎn)廢物流失、揚(yáng)散等措施。

　　2. Building layout and structure: The building layout of hazardous waste storage facilities should be reasonable, with clear division of functional areas. The building structure should meet the requirements of strength and stability, and temporary storage points should take measures to prevent wind, rain, sun, and hazardous waste loss and dispersion.

　　3.配置設(shè)計(jì)要求：

　　3. Configuration design requirements:

　　① 要獨(dú)立、密閉，上鎖防盜，暫存間內(nèi)要有安全照明設(shè)施和觀察窗口，危廢暫存間管理責(zé)任制要上墻；

　　① It should be independent, sealed, locked and anti-theft. There should be safety lighting facilities and observation windows in the temporary storage room. The management responsibility system for hazardous waste temporary storage should be posted on the wall;

　?、?暫存間地面要防滲，頂部防水、防曬，對(duì)于易燃易爆物品，還應(yīng)做防火防爆設(shè)計(jì)；

　?、?The floor of the temporary storage room should be impermeable, and the top should be waterproof and sun proof. For flammable and explosive materials, fire and explosion prevention design should also be carried out;

　?、?存放危廢為液體的暫存間內(nèi)必須有泄漏液體收集裝置（例如托盤、導(dǎo)流溝、收集池），存放危廢為具有揮發(fā)性氣體的暫存間內(nèi)必須有導(dǎo)出口及氣體凈化裝置；

　?、?There must be a leakage liquid collection device (such as tray, diversion ditch, collection pool) in the temporary storage room where hazardous waste is stored as liquid, and an outlet and gas purification device in the temporary storage room where hazardous waste is stored as volatile gas;

　?、?暫存間門外要張貼包含所有危廢的貯存分區(qū)標(biāo)志、危廢識(shí)別標(biāo)志、危廢制度牌以及新版危廢設(shè)施標(biāo)志，暫存間內(nèi)墻上張貼對(duì)應(yīng)投放危廢的標(biāo)識(shí)牌和制度牌，無法裝入常用容器的危險(xiǎn)廢物可用防漏膠袋等盛裝，包裝桶、袋上有標(biāo)簽；

　?、?Storage zone signs, hazardous waste identification signs, hazardous waste system signs, and new hazardous waste facility signs containing all hazardous waste should be posted outside the temporary storage room. Corresponding hazardous waste disposal signs and system signs should be posted on the walls inside the temporary storage room. Hazardous waste that cannot be loaded into commonly used containers can be contained in leak proof plastic bags, with labels on the packaging drums and bags;

　　⑤ 配備消防沙箱、干粉式滅火器、消防栓等消防設(shè)施；

　?、?Equipped with fire sandboxes, dry powder fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and other fire-fighting facilities;

　?、?應(yīng)該裝有實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控?cái)z像頭，可隨時(shí)觀看危廢間狀態(tài)；

　?、?Real time monitoring cameras should be installed to monitor the status of hazardous waste rooms at any time;

　?、?必須采取有效的通風(fēng)排氣措施；

　　⑦ Effective ventilation and exhaust measures must be taken;

　?、?裝有氣體、火災(zāi)等多項(xiàng)報(bào)警裝置。

　　⑧ Equipped with multiple alarm devices such as gas and fire alarms.

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　　4. 危險(xiǎn)廢物分類和分區(qū)：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)根據(jù)危險(xiǎn)廢物的特性進(jìn)行分類，不同類型廢物應(yīng)分區(qū)存放，以防止交叉污染和事故擴(kuò)散。

　　4. Classification and zoning of hazardous waste: The design of hazardous waste warehouses should be classified according to the characteristics of hazardous waste, and different types of waste should be stored in zones to prevent cross contamination and accident spread.

　　5. 操作流程和設(shè)備選擇：危廢庫(kù)的操作流程應(yīng)明確，操作人員應(yīng)接受專門的培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)。在設(shè)備選擇上，應(yīng)考慮操作的便捷性和廢物的特性。

　　5. Operation process and equipment selection: The operation process of hazardous waste storage should be clear, and operators should receive specialized training and guidance. When selecting equipment, consideration should be given to the convenience of operation and the characteristics of waste.

　　6. 廢氣、廢水和固體廢物處理：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)考慮廢氣、廢水和固體廢物的處理方案，采用適當(dāng)?shù)呐欧趴刂拼胧_保廢物的安全處理和環(huán)境的不受污染。

　　6. Treatment of waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should consider the treatment plan for waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste, adopt appropriate emission control measures, and ensure the safe treatment of waste and the protection of the environment from pollution.

　　7. 設(shè)備和儀器監(jiān)測(cè)：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)配備適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)備和儀器，用于監(jiān)測(cè)和控制廢物的儲(chǔ)存和處理過程中的參數(shù)，確保操作的準(zhǔn)確性和安全性。

　　7. Equipment and instrument monitoring: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should be equipped with appropriate equipment and instruments to monitor and control parameters during the storage and treatment of waste, ensuring accuracy and safety of operations.

　　8. 應(yīng)急預(yù)案和安全培訓(xùn)：危廢庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)包含應(yīng)急預(yù)案，用于處理事故和突發(fā)情況。應(yīng)對(duì)操作人員進(jìn)行安全培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)，提高其安全意識(shí)和應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)情況的能力。

　　8. Emergency plan and safety training: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should include emergency plans for handling accidents and emergencies. Provide safety training and guidance to operators to enhance their safety awareness and ability to respond to emergencies.

　　三、危廢庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　3、 Design standards for hazardous waste storage facilities

　　1. 國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：《危險(xiǎn)廢物貯存污染控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB18597-2023）《危險(xiǎn)廢物固體庫(kù)用地和工程地質(zhì)勘察規(guī)范》（GB 5085.1-2013）、《危險(xiǎn)廢物危險(xiǎn)特性試驗(yàn)方法》（GB 5085.2-2013）等。

　　1. National standards: "Pollution Control Standards for Hazardous Waste Storage" (GB18597-2023), "Code for Land and Engineering Geological Survey of Hazardous Waste Solid Warehouses" (GB 5085.1-2013), "Test Methods for Hazardous Characteristics of Hazardous Waste" (GB 5085.2-2013), etc.

　　2. 行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：《危險(xiǎn)廢物固體庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)程》（HJ 218-2013）、《危險(xiǎn)廢物貯存與處置技術(shù)規(guī)范》（HJ 239-2014）等。

　　2. Industry standards: "Design Regulations for Solid Hazardous Waste Storage" (HJ 218-2013), "Technical Specifications for Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Waste" (HJ 239-2014), etc.

　　3. 地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：根據(jù)不同地區(qū)的實(shí)際情況，各地可以制定相應(yīng)的地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范。

　　3. Local standards: According to the actual situation in different regions, corresponding local standards and regulations can be formulated.

　　在設(shè)計(jì)危廢庫(kù)時(shí)，必須嚴(yán)格按照上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求進(jìn)行，確保危險(xiǎn)廢物的安全處理和集中管理。還要注意定期進(jìn)行設(shè)備檢查和維護(hù)，及時(shí)處理設(shè)備故障和事故，確保危廢庫(kù)的正常運(yùn)營(yíng)和環(huán)保效益。

　　When designing hazardous waste storage facilities, it is necessary to strictly follow the above standards and requirements to ensure the safe disposal and centralized management of hazardous waste. It is also important to regularly conduct equipment inspections and maintenance, promptly handle equipment failures and accidents, and ensure the normal operation and environmental benefits of the hazardous waste storage facility.

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