危險廢物的危害

The hazards of hazardous waste

　　1. 危險廢物對大氣環(huán)境的危害

1. Hazards of hazardous waste to the atmospheric environment

　　如果危險廢物得不到有效處理并長期積累，其小顆粒和灰塵就會進(jìn)入空氣環(huán)境，在氣流的作用下擴(kuò)散到大氣中。一些有害物質(zhì)會與大氣中的物質(zhì)發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，從而產(chǎn)生更嚴(yán)重的影響。此外，如果長期不治理，會產(chǎn)生臭味和難聞的氣味，這些氣味會擴(kuò)散到空氣中，對感官造成危害，并通過呼吸道直接危害人類健康。

If hazardous waste is not effectively treated and accumulates for a long time, its small particles and dust will enter the air environment and diffuse into the atmosphere under the action of airflow. Some harmful substances can react chemically with substances in the atmosphere, resulting in more serious impacts. In addition, if left untreated for a long time, it can produce a foul odor and unpleasant odor, which can spread into the air, cause harm to the senses, and directly harm human health through the respiratory tract.

　　2.危險廢物對土壤環(huán)境的危害

2. Hazards of hazardous waste to soil environment

　　危險廢物既可以是固態(tài)，也可以是液態(tài)或氣態(tài)，但是如果它們長時間不處理，就會對周邊環(huán)境產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響。對于其固態(tài)的危險廢物，如果長期的堆存，會讓有害物質(zhì)滲透到土壤中，同時，液體的危險廢物也會產(chǎn)生同樣的效果，會對土壤環(huán)境產(chǎn)生污染，對土壤的生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生破壞，對植物及農(nóng)作物的生長產(chǎn)生影響，導(dǎo)致土壤中的微生物無法正常繁衍，從而對自然界生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的循環(huán)產(chǎn)生影響，對人體的健康產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的威脅。

Hazardous waste can be either solid, liquid, or gaseous, but if left untreated for a long time, it can have a serious impact on the surrounding environment. For its solid hazardous waste, if stored for a long time, it will allow harmful substances to penetrate into the soil. At the same time, liquid hazardous waste will also have the same effect, causing pollution to the soil environment, damaging the ecological environment of the soil, affecting the growth of plants and crops, causing microorganisms in the soil to be unable to reproduce normally, thereby affecting the circulation of the natural ecosystem and posing a serious threat to human health.

　　3. 危險廢物對水資源的危害

3. Harm of hazardous waste to water resources

　　未經(jīng)處理的危險廢物，里面的有毒有害物質(zhì)會隨著大氣降水進(jìn)入到水生態(tài)環(huán)境中，它不僅會對地表水環(huán)境造成危害，還會對地下水、海洋等水生態(tài)環(huán)境造成影響，導(dǎo)致水里的生物中毒而死，破壞水生態(tài)環(huán)境的自然平衡。如果人們喝了含有危險物質(zhì)的水，就會對人體的健康造成直接威脅，甚至可以導(dǎo)致人的死亡。

Untreated hazardous waste contains toxic and harmful substances that can enter the aquatic ecosystem with atmospheric precipitation. It not only poses a threat to surface water environment, but also has an impact on aquatic ecosystems such as groundwater and oceans, leading to poisoning and death of aquatic organisms, disrupting the natural balance of the aquatic ecosystem. If people drink water containing hazardous substances, it can pose a direct threat to human health and even lead to death.

　　危險廢物處理與處置現(xiàn)狀

Current situation of hazardous waste treatment and disposal

　　1. 危險廢物處置現(xiàn)狀

1. Current situation of hazardous waste disposal

　　由于我國地域廣袤，各地的地理位置和自然環(huán)境各不相同，因此，在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方面，我們的工業(yè)發(fā)展水平也有一定的差異，這就導(dǎo)致了危險廢物的產(chǎn)生量也有差異。在我國，在經(jīng)濟(jì)較為落后的地區(qū)，由于工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不完善，許多可以再利用的資源變成了工業(yè)固體廢物。而在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展快速，制造業(yè)技術(shù)先進(jìn)，工業(yè)企業(yè)較多，因此產(chǎn)生的危險廢棄物也比較多。

Due to the vast territory of our country, with different geographical locations and natural environments, there are also certain differences in our industrial development level in terms of economic development, which leads to differences in the amount of hazardous waste generated. In China, in economically underdeveloped areas, due to the imperfect industrial structure, many reusable resources have been turned into industrial solid waste. In economically developed regions, due to rapid economic development, advanced manufacturing technology, and a large number of industrial enterprises, a considerable amount of hazardous waste is generated.

　　2. 固體廢物的現(xiàn)狀

2. Current situation of solid waste

　　目前，焚燒是處理固體廢物的一種好方法。根據(jù)所處理的固體廢物的類型，有許多形式的焚燒設(shè)施與之相對應(yīng)，例如配備有二次燃燒室的爐排爐、配備有二級燃燒室的硫化物床和配備有二度燃燒室的回轉(zhuǎn)窯。其中，焚燒技術(shù)更常用于配備二次燃燒室的回轉(zhuǎn)窯。這項技術(shù)已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟，生產(chǎn)線規(guī)模也從最初的10噸/天發(fā)展到更經(jīng)濟(jì)的100噸/天。

Currently, incineration is a good method for treating solid waste. There are many forms of incineration facilities corresponding to the type of solid waste being processed, such as grate furnaces equipped with secondary combustion chambers, sulfide beds equipped with secondary combustion chambers, and rotary kilns equipped with secondary combustion chambers. Among them, incineration technology is more commonly used in rotary kilns equipped with secondary combustion chambers. This technology has become quite mature, and the production line scale has also developed from the initial 10 tons/day to a more economical 100 tons/day.

　　焚燒法并不能徹底解決固體廢棄物的問題，而且在焚燒的過程中經(jīng)常會產(chǎn)生二次有害廢棄物，比如焚燒爐的爐渣和從燃燒煙氣中采集到的飛灰等，都需要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的處理。這涉及到另一種常見的處理方法，即安全填埋法。當(dāng)然，除了礦渣和粉煤灰可以安全填埋外，還有一些危險廢物可以直接填埋。因此，填埋方法可以單獨設(shè)計，也可以與焚燒方法結(jié)合設(shè)計。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，以及當(dāng)?shù)匚ｋU廢物的特點，等離子體熔融、超臨界氧化等處置方法也開始出現(xiàn)，但是就當(dāng)前的情況來看，如何控制它們的運(yùn)行成本，仍然是一個需要持續(xù)優(yōu)化的問題。就固體廢物來說，最好的處置方式是將有害廢物進(jìn)行資源化。如今，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了許多與之相似的無害化處理技術(shù)，例如，水泥窯的協(xié)同處置，就是將某些固體危險廢物的特點，將其轉(zhuǎn)變成水泥制品，使其變廢為寶，最大程度地為社會服務(wù)；又比如，從某些含有貴金屬的淤泥中，采用冶煉技術(shù)，將其中的貴金屬提煉出來，并將其冶煉成可以直接使用的建材，就是一種更好的資源化方法。

The incineration method cannot completely solve the problem of solid waste, and secondary harmful waste is often generated during the incineration process, such as the slag of the incinerator and the fly ash collected from the combustion flue gas, which require further treatment. This involves another common treatment method, which is the safe landfill method. Of course, in addition to safe landfill of slag and fly ash, there are also some hazardous waste that can be directly landfill. Therefore, the landfill method can be designed separately or combined with the incineration method. With the development of technology and the characteristics of local hazardous waste, disposal methods such as plasma melting and supercritical oxidation have also begun to emerge. However, from the current situation, how to control their operating costs is still a problem that needs continuous optimization. As for solid waste, the best disposal method is to recycle hazardous waste into resources. Nowadays, many similar harmless treatment technologies have emerged, such as the collaborative disposal of cement kilns, which transforms certain solid hazardous waste characteristics into cement products, turning waste into treasure, and serving society to the greatest extent possible; For example, using smelting technology to extract precious metals from certain sludge containing precious metals and smelting them into building materials that can be directly used is a better resource utilization method.

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