制藥是社會(huì)的關(guān)鍵產(chǎn)業(yè)，關(guān)系到國(guó)民健康。21世紀(jì)以來，國(guó)內(nèi)制藥產(chǎn)業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展，為我國(guó)民生帶來保障的同時(shí)，其制造過程中所產(chǎn)生的污染也不可避免地給環(huán)境帶來了壓力。制藥工藝包括發(fā)酵、化學(xué)合成、生物工程、提取等多種，均可能生成一定的廢氣，對(duì)大氣環(huán)境造成污染，威脅生態(tài)，危害人類健康。在中央和地方逐步加強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)與治理的背景下，制藥企業(yè)也成了相關(guān)部門的核心關(guān)注對(duì)象，為此梳理和總結(jié)制藥過程中有機(jī)廢氣的處理工藝是十分必要的。

　　Pharmaceutical industry is a key industry in society, which is related to national health. Since the 21st century, the domestic pharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly, providing security for people's livelihoods in China. However, the pollution generated during its manufacturing process inevitably puts pressure on the environment. Pharmaceutical processes include fermentation, chemical synthesis, biotechnology, extraction, and many others, all of which may generate certain exhaust gases, causing pollution to the atmospheric environment, threatening ecology, and endangering human health. Against the backdrop of gradually strengthening environmental protection and governance at the central and local levels, pharmaceutical companies have also become a key focus of relevant departments. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out and summarize the treatment processes of organic waste gas in the pharmaceutical process.

　　Part1

　　Part1

　　制藥車間廢氣及其危害為實(shí)現(xiàn)既定的藥效，藥品的成分是復(fù)雜的，且這些成分需要以一定的方式組合起來，而這就決定了藥物制造是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的流程，也難以避免地產(chǎn)生各類廢氣，尤其是有機(jī)廢氣。（1）含硫化合物，能夠進(jìn)一步產(chǎn)生硫化氫和二氧化硫，甚至產(chǎn)生三氧化硫、硫酸和其他硫酸根化合物。（2）含氮化合物，可以再生成一氧化氮、二氧化氮，甚至硝酸、硝酸化合物以及臭氧。（3）碳?xì)浠衔?，進(jìn)一步生成一氧化碳和二氧化碳。（4）碳?xì)浠衔?，很容易生成揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物結(jié)合體，再生成醛類和酮類物質(zhì)。（5）鹵素化合物，可進(jìn)一步生成氯化氫、氟化氫等污染物。（6）無機(jī)顆粒物，主要是粉碎、碾磨、篩分、焚燒等工藝后產(chǎn)生的粉塵和煙塵。而另一方面，因?yàn)樵诩庸み^程中需要使用大量的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)溶劑比如乙酸乙酯、丙酮、苯類、醇類、醋酸丁酯等，也會(huì)產(chǎn)生VOCs 污染。由此可見，制藥過程所產(chǎn)生的廢氣不僅成分復(fù)雜、類型多元化，其廢氣總量、流量也大，處理較為困難。制藥廢氣中很多污染物都有一定的污染性，會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境和人體造成危害。其中存在的部分顆粒物即粉塵、煙塵，會(huì)損害人類的眼睛、鼻腔、咽部、肺臟等器官，還會(huì)攜帶一定的有害微生物；一氧化碳濃度過高會(huì)引發(fā)人體中毒；氮氧化物傷害人體多種器官，腐蝕人體皮膚；硫氧化物刺激眼睛，可致癌；VOCs 多有毒性，部分有致癌能力，傷及肝臟、腎臟、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、生殖系統(tǒng)等。而這些污染物又具有破壞臭氧層、腐蝕周邊建筑物等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、危害動(dòng)植物破壞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、易燃易爆等“能力”，危害巨大。

　　Pharmaceutical workshop exhaust gas and its hazards: In order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, the components of drugs are complex and need to be combined in a certain way, which determines that drug manufacturing is a complex process and inevitably produces various types of exhaust gases, especially organic exhaust gases. (1) Sulfur containing compounds can further produce hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, and even produce sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, and other sulfate compounds. (2) Nitrogen containing compounds can regenerate nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, even nitric acid, nitrate compounds, and ozone. (3) Hydrocarbons further generate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. (4) Hydrocarbons can easily form volatile organic compound complexes and regenerate into aldehydes and ketones. (5) Halogen compounds can further generate pollutants such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. (6) Inorganic particulate matter mainly refers to dust and smoke generated after processes such as crushing, grinding, screening, and incineration. On the other hand, because a large amount of volatile organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetone, benzene, alcohols, butyl acetate, etc. are required during the processing, VOCs pollution can also be generated. From this, it can be seen that the waste gas generated during the pharmaceutical process is not only complex in composition and diverse in types, but also has a large total amount and flow rate, making it difficult to treat. Many pollutants in pharmaceutical waste gas have a certain degree of pollution, which can cause harm to the environment and human health. Some of the particles present in it, namely dust and smoke, can damage human organs such as eyes, nose, throat, lungs, and carry certain harmful microorganisms; Excessive concentration of carbon monoxide can cause poisoning in the human body; Nitrogen oxides damage various organs of the human body and corrode the skin; Sulfur oxides can irritate the eyes and cause cancer; VOCs are often toxic and some have carcinogenic properties, which can harm the liver, kidneys, circulatory system, reproductive system, etc. And these pollutants have the "ability" to destroy the ozone layer, corrode surrounding infrastructure such as buildings, harm animals and plants, destroy ecosystems, and are flammable and explosive, posing a huge threat.

　　Part2

　　Part2

　　制藥車間顆粒廢氣治理工藝制藥過程中所產(chǎn)生的煙塵和粉塵，一般能夠采用機(jī)械、洗滌、過濾、靜電等方式進(jìn)行消除。2.1機(jī)械除塵工藝該方式主要根據(jù)廢氣顆粒物的自身物理性質(zhì)，通過機(jī)械干預(yù)，使得其在一定的運(yùn)動(dòng)或平衡后基于慣性、離心性和重力來逐步分離。其中重力沉降室是在上面設(shè)置一個(gè)煙塵通過的管道，并在中間位置留充分的時(shí)間，并設(shè)置相應(yīng)的上下障礙，使得粉塵與煙塵依靠自己的重力降到下面的裝置中，而不含有煙塵和粉塵的相對(duì)干凈的氣體則通過另一側(cè)的管道口流出。慣性除塵器則是給含塵氣體一個(gè)較大的向下推力，使得其沿著固定的方向前進(jìn)，然后在吸塵筐上方急劇轉(zhuǎn)彎，使得空氣能夠轉(zhuǎn)彎流走，而粉塵煙塵則可以憑借慣性滯留在筐中，使得空氣盡量得到凈化。旋風(fēng)除塵器則是設(shè)置立體錐形的裝置，含塵氣體進(jìn)入后被旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，煙塵和粉塵因?yàn)殡x心力而被逐步分離到底部，而凈化后的空氣則在中間上升排出。2.2洗滌除塵工藝對(duì)于廢氣中存在的顆粒物，也可以采用洗滌的方式進(jìn)行消除。具體的方法是用純凈水或者帶有一定洗滌功能的液體，讓廢氣從液體中穿過，而顆粒物隨之能夠與液體結(jié)合，干凈的空氣則可以從水中溢出，由此就可以對(duì)空氣進(jìn)行凈化。為提升去除的效率，也可以將液體物質(zhì)形成一道膜，使得廢氣的穿越更為簡(jiǎn)單迅速。這種借助水體來除塵的方式也被稱為濕式法。在實(shí)踐中，會(huì)以噴淋洗滌除塵器作為基礎(chǔ)性裝置。在一般的壓強(qiáng)和氣體輸入速率下，去除效率可以達(dá)到80%，為提升該效率，可以采用增加壓強(qiáng)等方式。2.3過濾除塵工藝對(duì)于廢氣中的煙塵和粉塵顆粒物，還可以采用過濾的方式將其滯留。因?yàn)轭w粒物的體積較小，要對(duì)其成功過濾就需要更小的過濾膜。一般來說，制藥車間產(chǎn)生的粉塵顆粒直徑在60 μm 左右，這就需要其過濾膜的孔徑在10 μm 左右。相關(guān)研究表明，過濾方式具有較好的除塵效果，同時(shí)減小風(fēng)速。增加顆粒層厚度能夠提升除塵的效果。隨著過濾工作的開展，粉塵煙塵顆粒會(huì)聚集在過濾膜的一側(cè)，這就需要進(jìn)一步將其清除，以供反復(fù)使用。實(shí)踐中也可以將過濾和機(jī)械2種工藝結(jié)合，使得煙塵和粉塵顆粒能夠先被分離后，再經(jīng)過過濾膜，使得空氣的凈化效果更佳，甚至粉塵煙塵去除率達(dá)到99%。2.4靜電除塵工藝對(duì)于粉塵和煙塵顆粒物，采用高壓靜電場(chǎng)，能夠?qū)⑵湮降秸?fù)兩出彩處，由此實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)廢氣的凈化。在實(shí)踐中，該工藝更適合煙塵的處理，因?yàn)閺?qiáng)大的電場(chǎng)，能夠更為合理地吸附離子，使得去除率高達(dá)99% 以上。而對(duì)于粉塵顆粒物該方法的去除效果不佳。因此經(jīng)常看到一些制藥廠的煙囪上方就安裝了該類設(shè)備，將排放的煙塵直接通過強(qiáng)大的電場(chǎng)，煙氣得到較好的處理后直接排放到空氣中。

　　The particulate waste gas treatment process in pharmaceutical workshops can generally eliminate the smoke and dust generated during the pharmaceutical process through mechanical, washing, filtering, electrostatic, and other methods. 2.1 Mechanical dust removal process This method mainly relies on the physical properties of exhaust particulate matter, and through mechanical intervention, gradually separates it based on inertia, eccentricity, and gravity after a certain motion or balance. The gravity settling chamber is equipped with a pipeline for smoke and dust to pass through, with sufficient time left in the middle position and corresponding up and down barriers set up, so that the dust and smoke can fall into the device below by their own gravity, while relatively clean gas without smoke and dust flows out through the pipeline outlet on the other side. Inertial dust collector provides a large downward thrust to the dusty gas, causing it to move forward in a fixed direction and then make a sharp turn above the vacuum cleaner basket, allowing the air to turn and flow away. Dust and smoke particles can be retained in the basket by inertia, purifying the air as much as possible. The cyclone dust collector is a device with a three-dimensional cone shape. After the dust containing gas enters, it rotates and moves. The smoke and dust are gradually separated to the bottom due to centrifugal force, while the purified air rises and is discharged in the middle. 2.2 The washing and dust removal process can also be used to eliminate particulate matter present in exhaust gas through washing. The specific method is to use pure water or a liquid with a certain washing function to let the exhaust gas pass through the liquid, and the particles can then combine with the liquid. Clean air can overflow from the water, thus purifying the air. To improve the efficiency of removal, liquid substances can also be formed into a film, making the passage of exhaust gas simpler and faster. This method of using water to remove dust is also known as wet method. In practice, a spray washing dust collector will be used as the basic device. Under normal pressure and gas input rate, the removal efficiency can reach 80%. To improve this efficiency, methods such as increasing pressure can be used. 2.3 The filtration and dust removal process can also be used to retain smoke and dust particles in the exhaust gas through filtration. Due to the small volume of particulate matter, a smaller filter membrane is required for successful filtration. Generally speaking, the diameter of dust particles generated in pharmaceutical workshops is around 60 μ m, which requires the pore size of their filtration membrane to be around 10 μ m. Related studies have shown that filtration methods have good dust removal effects while reducing wind speed. Increasing the thickness of the particle layer can improve the dust removal effect. As the filtration process progresses, dust and smoke particles will accumulate on one side of the filtration membrane, which requires further removal for repeated use. In practice, the combination of filtration and mechanical processes can also be used to separate smoke and dust particles before passing through a filtration membrane, resulting in better air purification effects and even a dust and smoke removal rate of 99%. 2.4 The electrostatic precipitator process uses a high-voltage electrostatic field to adsorb dust and particulate matter to the positive and negative poles, thereby purifying the exhaust gas. In practice, this process is more suitable for the treatment of smoke and dust because the strong electric field can adsorb ions more accurately, resulting in a removal rate of over 99%. However, the removal effect of this method for dust particles is not satisfactory. Therefore, it is often seen that such equipment is installed above the chimneys of some pharmaceutical factories, which directly passes the emitted smoke and dust through a strong electric field. After good treatment, the smoke and dust are directly discharged into the air.

　　Part3

　　Part3

　　制藥車間有機(jī)廢氣治理工藝除了粉塵、煙塵等微小顆粒物，制藥車間還會(huì)釋放一定的有機(jī)廢氣，對(duì)此可以采用的治理工藝包括吸收、吸附、冷凝、燃燒、生物處理、光催化氧化、等離子體凈化等。3.1吸收工藝該方法是指通過一定的溶液對(duì)有機(jī)廢氣進(jìn)行吸收，使得污染物被滯留在液體中，而干凈的空氣能夠被釋放出去。該方法治理有機(jī)廢氣與采用洗滌工藝去除粉塵煙塵的原理近似，不同的是該方法不僅將有機(jī)污染物溶于水，還可以將其與液體中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)反應(yīng)，生成其他的無害物質(zhì)。一般來說，吸收液中會(huì)以氫氧化鈉、碳酸鈉、石灰、氨水等堿性物質(zhì)為溶劑，或者以硫酸、鹽酸為溶劑，甚至以簡(jiǎn)單的脂、醚、酮類物質(zhì)為溶劑，相應(yīng)地對(duì)各類有機(jī)廢氣進(jìn)行吸收和溶解。一般來說采用該方法所帶來的有機(jī)廢氣處理效率可以達(dá)到95% 以上。3.2吸附工藝吸附工藝的原理是利用一些具有吸附能力的材料將污染物吸附在表面，使得其集中并得以進(jìn)一步的處理。目前常見的吸附材料包括活性炭、分子篩、沸石、硅藻土、硅膠、活性氧化鋁等。吸附的工藝決定了其需要較多的材料對(duì)一定范圍的污染物進(jìn)行吸附，即很難同時(shí)快速地處理大量的污染物?；谄漭^好的處理能力和不足的處理量度，適合一些毒性大但濃度不高的污染物的處理。在吸附后可以再濕式回收、焚燒等。根據(jù)相關(guān)研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，利用活性炭作為吸附材料，給予充分的接觸時(shí)間，能夠吸附95% 以上是污染物。因?yàn)檫@些材料需要更換，無論是更換時(shí)需要的人工還是材料本身，都需要更多的成本。

　　In addition to small particles such as dust and smoke, the treatment process for organic waste gas in pharmaceutical workshops also releases a certain amount of organic waste gas. Treatment processes that can be used for this include absorption, adsorption, condensation, combustion, biological treatment, photocatalytic oxidation, plasma purification, etc. 3.1 Absorption process This method refers to the absorption of organic waste gas through a certain solution, so that pollutants are retained in the liquid and clean air can be released. The principle of using this method to treat organic waste gas is similar to that of using a washing process to remove dust and smoke. The difference is that this method not only dissolves organic pollutants in water, but also reacts them with chemical substances in the liquid to generate other harmless substances. Generally speaking, alkaline substances such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, lime, and ammonia water are used as solvents in the absorption solution, or sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are used as solvents, and even simple lipids, ethers, and ketones are used as solvents to absorb and dissolve various organic waste gases accordingly. Generally speaking, the organic waste gas treatment efficiency brought by this method can reach over 95%. 3.2 Adsorption Process The principle of adsorption process is to use some materials with adsorption ability to adsorb pollutants on the surface, so that they can be concentrated and further processed. At present, common adsorption materials include activated carbon, molecular sieves, zeolites, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, activated alumina, etc. The adsorption process requires a large amount of materials to adsorb a certain range of pollutants, making it difficult to simultaneously and rapidly process a large amount of pollutants. Based on its good processing capability and insufficient processing measurement, it is suitable for the treatment of some highly toxic but low concentration pollutants. After adsorption, it can be wet recovered, incinerated, etc. According to relevant research results, using activated carbon as an adsorbent material with sufficient contact time can adsorb over 95% of pollutants. Because these materials need to be replaced, both the labor required for replacement and the materials themselves require more costs.

　　3.3冷凝工藝?yán)貌煌諝獬煞帜c(diǎn)不同的原理，將有機(jī)廢氣進(jìn)行降溫、加壓處理，使得有機(jī)廢氣能夠脫離于空氣，因?yàn)橛玫搅死淠募夹g(shù)，被稱為冷凝法。在實(shí)踐中需要用到冷卻液，如果需要接觸冷卻液，就稱之為接觸冷凝工藝，如果不需要接觸冷凝液，則稱之為表面接觸冷凝工藝，是依靠冷卻壁進(jìn)行熱量的傳導(dǎo)。采用該工藝的優(yōu)勢(shì)是處理的廢氣可以根據(jù)不同的冷凝點(diǎn)獲得單一的物質(zhì)，因此具有很高的純度，能夠被回收利用。3.4燃燒凈化工藝有機(jī)廢氣所含的物質(zhì)多是以碳、氫、氧為主，這些有機(jī)物在燃燒后通常生成的是沒有危害的水和二氧化碳。由此可見利用焚燒的工藝，能夠便捷地去除有機(jī)污染物。在實(shí)踐中，可以采用直接焚燒、熱力焚燒、催化焚燒3 種方式。其中直接焚燒是指用其他的火源直接將廢氣加熱到燃點(diǎn)，與氧氣發(fā)生焚燒反應(yīng)，這適合一些密度比較高的廢氣，即密度高到可以直接焚燒；熱力焚燒則是指通過其他加熱手段一直對(duì)氣體進(jìn)行加熱，使得其處于較高的溫度環(huán)境下與氧氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)，并不一定能夠自我焚燒，這適合一些密度較低的廢氣；催化燃燒是指利用催化劑，將廢氣置于300℃左右的溫度下，使得其與氧氣反應(yīng)生成水與二氧化碳。相對(duì)來說，催化燃燒具有更高的安全性，不需要太高的溫度，但缺點(diǎn)是催化劑往往具有毒性。在實(shí)際探索中，可以采用蓄熱式焚燒爐來開展直接焚燒工作，能夠?yàn)橛袡C(jī)廢氣的燃燒提供高溫條件，這種焚燒所釋放的熱能還能夠由蓄熱體吸收，進(jìn)而對(duì)后續(xù)的有機(jī)廢氣提供熱量促使其繼續(xù)焚燒。這種裝置具有較高的處理效率，也能夠一次性處理較多的廢氣，但不足之處是成本較高，需要初期投入較大的資金。為使得不同特點(diǎn)的廢氣都可以焚燒，也可以將直接焚燒與熱力焚燒結(jié)合，不同時(shí)間段或者不同的焚燒空間結(jié)合。事實(shí)上，單純地進(jìn)行焚燒也不一定將廢氣中所有污染物進(jìn)行消除，因此對(duì)于焚燒后的空氣，也可以繼續(xù)進(jìn)行洗滌，而此次洗滌因?yàn)橛休^高的溫度加持，在管道中噴灑相應(yīng)的液體比如水，效果更佳。采用焚燒和洗滌結(jié)合的方式，去除率可達(dá)99% 以上。3.5生物處理工藝生物的新陳代謝具有“化腐朽為神奇”的功效，能將一些污染物吸收，通過內(nèi)部的生物運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，生成其他的無害物質(zhì)。其中微生物因?yàn)榉敝逞杆?、生物能量大、可定向培養(yǎng)，成為處理各類污染物質(zhì)的非常佳選擇。對(duì)于有機(jī)廢氣來說，有多種生物處理方式，先用濕式吸收方法將污染物溶解到水體中，然后在水體中培養(yǎng)微生物使其化解污染物，這被稱為生物吸收法。將微生物吸附在固體的過濾材料上，并直接接觸有機(jī)廢氣，讓污染物被吸附和處理，這被稱為生物過濾法。相對(duì)來說，生物吸收法將污染物固定在水體中，可以有充分的時(shí)間消解，更安全一些，而生物過濾法則因?yàn)闅怏w的流動(dòng)性，效率不高。根據(jù)技術(shù)原理可以看出，微生物降解廢水廢氣的方法優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯，具有較高的安全性，將污染物凈化得也比較有效，在一次性投資后不需要太高的運(yùn)營(yíng)維護(hù)費(fèi)用等。但同樣也有一定的劣勢(shì)，包括占地面積大、生物群落需要處理等。近年來學(xué)界又研究了一些其他的生物學(xué)處理工藝，包括生物濾池、生物洗滌、生物滴濾等。其中生物過濾池由水泵、鼓風(fēng)機(jī)、生物填料、補(bǔ)氣管道、過濾池等構(gòu)成；生物洗滌器包括生物洗滌池、再生反應(yīng)池、水泵等構(gòu)件；生物滴濾塔包括風(fēng)機(jī)、水泵、生物填料、噴淋液等構(gòu)件。實(shí)踐中可以將生物洗滌和生物滴濾兩種方法進(jìn)行組合，可以借用吸收了有機(jī)廢氣的水體作為循環(huán)水，在洗滌塔、生化塔中置入一定的填料，定向培養(yǎng)分解污染物的微生物，持續(xù)一周時(shí)間可將污染物降低90%。3.6光催化氧化工藝該工藝是近年來被發(fā)明的，其基于半導(dǎo)體光催化劑于一定波長(zhǎng)光的驅(qū)動(dòng)下產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)氧化性羥基自由基和負(fù)氧離子，把有機(jī)廢氣分解成無害的水與二氧化碳。實(shí)踐中非常有效的材料是二氧化鈦，因?yàn)槠渥陨頉]有毒性，且在自然界中廣泛存在，獲取的成本比較低，同時(shí)也不需要太苛刻的條件就能夠作為催化劑，成效也比較符合預(yù)期。有一種被稱為多段式臭氧光催化的工藝，其涵蓋了紫外光光解、臭氧氧化、臭氧催化氧化3 個(gè)流程，需要鼓風(fēng)機(jī)、活性炭吸附床、氣泵、臭氧光催化塔等構(gòu)件，制藥有機(jī)廢氣從鼓風(fēng)機(jī)處通過空氣泵進(jìn)入活性炭吸附床，經(jīng)過吸附后被紫外光光解，然后導(dǎo)入臭氧光催化塔，進(jìn)行臭氧氧化和催化氧化，非常終得到干凈的氣體。利用這種工藝，對(duì)制藥車間的有機(jī)廢氣清除率可達(dá)85%。3.7低溫等離子體凈化工藝該技術(shù)利用了物質(zhì)的等離子形態(tài)的特點(diǎn)，其技術(shù)思路是，物體除了固液氣三相之外，還有等離子形態(tài)，是一種物質(zhì)在氣態(tài)下因?yàn)楸浑婋x而處于的不穩(wěn)定形態(tài)，自身的分子態(tài)會(huì)部分破裂，進(jìn)而形成電子、離子、原子和自由基。對(duì)于有機(jī)廢氣來說，其形成的該形態(tài)下就會(huì)有一定的氫氧根離子、臭氧等。等離子態(tài)，就是這些離子中的正負(fù)電荷數(shù)是等同的。對(duì)有機(jī)廢氣施加一個(gè)高壓的電場(chǎng)，使得電子在高速下沖擊有機(jī)廢氣分子，使得其在低溫下形成等離子體狀態(tài)，并由此生成小分子無害物質(zhì)。在實(shí)踐中，治理廢氣會(huì)使用脈沖電暈放電或者介質(zhì)阻擋放電的方式，其能夠在常壓下進(jìn)行。

　　3.3 The condensation process utilizes the principle that different air components have different condensation points to cool and pressurize organic waste gas, allowing it to detach from the air. This is known as the condensation method due to the use of condensation technology. In practice, it is necessary to use coolant. If contact with coolant is required, it is called contact condensation process. If contact with condensate is not required, it is called surface contact condensation process, which relies on the conduction of heat through the cooling wall. The advantage of using this process is that the treated exhaust gas can obtain a single substance according to different condensation points, thus having high purity and being recyclable. 3.4 Combustion purification process Organic waste gas mainly contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which usually produce harmless water and carbon dioxide after combustion. It can be seen that the use of incineration technology can conveniently remove organic pollutants. In practice, three methods can be used: direct incineration, thermal incineration, and catalytic incineration. Direct incineration refers to using other sources of ignition to directly heat the exhaust gas to its ignition point and undergo an incineration reaction with oxygen. This is suitable for some high-density exhaust gases, which are so dense that they can be directly incinerated; Thermal incineration refers to the continuous heating of gas through other heating methods, allowing it to react with oxygen at a higher temperature environment, and may not necessarily self incinerate, which is suitable for some low-density exhaust gases; Catalytic combustion refers to the use of a catalyst to place exhaust gas at a temperature of around 300 ℃, allowing it to react with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. Relatively speaking, catalytic combustion has higher safety and does not require too high a temperature, but the disadvantage is that the catalyst often has toxicity. In practical exploration, a thermal storage incinerator can be used to carry out direct incineration work, which can provide high-temperature conditions for the combustion of organic waste gas. The heat released by this incineration can also be absorbed by the thermal storage body, thereby providing heat to the subsequent organic waste gas to promote its continued incineration. This device has high processing efficiency and can also process a large amount of exhaust gas at once, but the disadvantage is that the cost is high and requires a large initial investment. In order to incinerate exhaust gases with different characteristics, direct incineration can also be combined with thermal incineration at different time periods or incineration spaces. In fact, simply incinerating does not necessarily eliminate all pollutants in the exhaust gas. Therefore, for the air after incineration, it can continue to be washed, and this washing is more effective by spraying corresponding liquids such as water in the pipeline due to the high temperature. By combining incineration and washing, the removal rate can reach over 99%. 3.5 Biological treatment process: The metabolism of organisms has the effect of "turning decay into magic", which can absorb some pollutants and generate other harmless substances through internal biological operation. Microorganisms, due to their rapid reproduction, high biological energy, and ability to be selectively cultured, have become the best choice for treating various pollutants. For organic waste gas, there are various biological treatment methods. Firstly, wet absorption method is used to dissolve pollutants into water, and then microorganisms are cultivated in the water to dissolve the pollutants, which is called biological absorption method. The process of adsorbing microorganisms onto solid filter materials and directly contacting organic waste gas to allow pollutants to be adsorbed and treated is called biofiltration. Relatively speaking, the biological absorption method fixes pollutants in the water body, which allows sufficient time for digestion and is safer, while the biological filtration method is less efficient due to the fluidity of the gas. According to the technical principles, it can be seen that the method of microbial degradation of wastewater and exhaust gas has obvious advantages, high safety, and thorough purification of pollutants. After a one-time investment, it does not require too high operating and maintenance costs. But there are also certain disadvantages, including a large footprint and the need to deal with biological communities. In recent years, the academic community has also studied some other biological treatment processes, including biofilters, biological washing, and biological drip filtration. The biological filtration tank consists of a water pump, blower, biological packing, air supply pipeline, filtration tank, etc; Biological scrubbers include components such as biological washing tanks, regeneration reaction tanks, water pumps, etc; The biological drip filtration tower includes components such as fans, water pumps, biological fillers, and spray liquids. In practice, a combination of biological washing and biological drip filtration methods can be used. Water bodies that have absorbed organic waste gases can be used as circulating water, and certain fillers can be placed in the washing tower and biochemical tower to selectively cultivate microorganisms that decompose pollutants. After one week, pollutants can be reduced by 90%. 3.6 Photocatalytic oxidation process This process has been invented in recent years, which is based on the strong oxidative hydroxyl radicals and negative oxygen ions generated by semiconductor photocatalysts driven by a certain wavelength of light, decomposing organic waste gas into harmless water and carbon dioxide. The most effective material in practice is titanium dioxide, as it is non-toxic and widely present in nature. The cost of obtaining it is relatively low, and it does not require too harsh conditions to be used as a catalyst. The effectiveness is also in line with expectations. There is a process called multi-stage ozone photocatalysis, which includes three processes: ultraviolet photolysis, ozone oxidation, and ozone catalytic oxidation. It requires components such as a blower, activated carbon adsorption bed, air pump, and ozone photocatalytic tower. Pharmaceutical organic waste gas enters the activated carbon adsorption bed through an air pump from the blower, undergoes ultraviolet photolysis after adsorption, and then enters the ozone photocatalytic tower for ozone oxidation and catalytic oxidation, ultimately obtaining clean gas. By using this process, the organic waste gas removal rate in the pharmaceutical workshop can reach 85%. 3.7 Low temperature plasma purification process This technology utilizes the characteristics of the plasma form of a substance. Its technical idea is that in addition to the solid liquid gas three-phase, an object also has a plasma form, which is an unstable state of a substance in the gas state due to ionization. Its molecular state will partially break, forming electrons, ions, atoms, and free radicals. For organic waste gas, there will be certain hydroxide ions, ozone, etc. in its formed form. Plasma state means that the number of positive and negative charges in these ions is equal. Applying a high-voltage electric field to organic waste gas causes electrons to impact the organic waste gas molecules at high speed, resulting in the formation of a plasma state at low temperatures and the generation of small molecule harmless substances. In practice, pulse corona discharge or dielectric barrier discharge are used to treat exhaust gas, which can be carried out under normal pressure.

　　Part4結(jié)束語

　　Part 4 Conclusion

　　因?yàn)閺?fù)雜的制藥流程，在制藥車間會(huì)產(chǎn)生各類污染性廢氣，包括顆粒狀粉塵和煙塵，也包括一些有機(jī)污染物?？梢酝ㄟ^多種方式對(duì)這些污染物進(jìn)行消除，而為了更好地提升去除效果，降低處理成本，應(yīng)當(dāng)將多種處理方式進(jìn)行結(jié)合，并在生物工程、催化劑等領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行積出彩創(chuàng)新。

　　Due to the complex pharmaceutical process, various types of polluting exhaust gases are generated in the pharmaceutical workshop, including particulate dust and smoke, as well as some organic pollutants. There are various ways to eliminate these pollutants, and in order to improve removal efficiency and reduce treatment costs, multiple treatment methods should be combined and actively innovated in fields such as biotechnology and catalysts.

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